This analysis is based on data compiled by the three federal banking agency members of the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) with Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) responsibilities — the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. This analysis was conducted using data compiled for institutions reporting under the CRA regulations.

Background

The CRA is intended to encourage federally insured commercial banks and savings associations (savings and loan associations and savings banks) to help meet the credit needs of the local communities in which they operate. The regulations that implement the CRA require commercial banks and savings associations with total assets of approximately $1 billion or more to collect and report data regarding their small business, small farm, and community development lending. The mandatory reporting threshold adjusts annually based on changes to the Consumer Price Index and for 2014 was $1.202 billion.

The small business and small farm lending data reported under the CRA regulations provide useful information about such lending, but they are less comprehensive than the data reported on home mortgage lending under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. For example, the CRA data:

• include information on loans originated or purchased, but not on applications denied;
• indicate whether a loan is extended to a borrower with annual revenues of $1 million or less, but do not include demographic information about the applicant; and
• are aggregated into three categories based on loan size and reported at the census tract level, rather than loan-by-loan.

Interpreting the CRA data can be challenging. For example, lending institutions are asked to report the geographic location of the loan. If the proceeds of a small business loan are used in more than one location, the institution can record the loan location as either the address of the borrower’s business headquarters or the location where the greatest portion of the proceeds are applied, as indicated by the borrower. However, these locations may have different socioeconomic characteristics.

Further, although the CRA data provide information on extensions of credit in a geographic area, they do not indicate the amount or nature of the overall demand for credit in that area. Consequently, caution should be used in drawing conclusions from analyses using only CRA data, as differences in loan volume across areas may reflect differences in local demand for credit. Indeed, CRA performance assessments by the supervisory agencies focus on evaluating the volume and distribution of lending in the context of local credit needs and opportunities.

Finally, the CRA small business and small farm lending data reported each year cover only a portion of the credit extended to small businesses and small farms. Banks and savings associations that do not report CRA data and nonbank institutions not covered by the CRA, such as commercial finance companies, also extend such loans.

General Description of the 2014 CRA Small Business and Small Farm Loan Data

For 2014, a total of 767 lenders reported data about originations and purchases of small loans (loans with original amounts of $1 million or less) to businesses and farms, representing a 3 percent decrease from the 791 lenders reporting data for 2013 (see Table 1). 1 Of the 767 institutions reporting 2014 data, 264 had assets below the mandatory reporting threshold and reported either voluntarily or because they elected to be evaluated as a “large” institution during CRA examinations.2 Overall, the smaller number of total reporters in 2014 compared with 2013 reflects fewer voluntary reporters, as the number of institutions with assets above the reporting threshold increased by 13 (2.7 percent) between 2013 and 2014.

Small business and small farm lending reported in the CRA data covers a significant share of small business and small farm lending by all commercial banks and savings associations. Analysis of data from bank Call Reports indicate that CRA reporters account for about 69 percent of small business loans outstanding (by dollars) and about 27 percent of small farm loans outstanding (by dollars) at bank and thrift institutions (see Table 1). Larger institutions account for most of the reported lending. During 2014, banks and thrifts with assets of $1.202 billion or more (as of December 31, 2013) accounted for over 95 percent (by dollars) of reported small business loan originations (see Table 3). The very largest institutions – 93 reporters with assets of $10 billion or more – accounted for about 86 percent of CRA reported small business loans in 2014 (not shown in tables).

In the aggregate, about 5.6 million small business loans (originations and purchases) totaling $214 billion were reported in 2014 (see Table 1). The total number of loans and the number of loans originated both increased by about 12 percent relative to 2013. Reporting institutions offered a variety of explanations for the increase in reported loans, including mergers and acquisitions as well as a generally more favorable lending environment. The dollar amount of originations increased more modestly by about 2 percent. Regarding small farm loans, the number and dollar amount increased by about 1 percent and 5 percent, respectively, in 2014 from 2013.

The CRA data provide information about the size of small business and small farm loans. For small business loans, the maximum loan size reported is $1 million; for small farm loans, the maximum is $500,000. Measured by number of loan originations, 93 percent of the small business loans and about 78 percent of the small farm loans originated in 2014 were for amounts under $100,000 (see Table 2). Measured by dollar amount of loans, the distribution differs; about 34 percent of the small business loan dollars and about 28 percent of the small farm loan dollars were extended through loans of less than $100,000 (see Table 2).

Loans to Smaller Businesses and Farms

The CRA data include information about loans to businesses or farms with revenues of $1 million or less. Overall, almost 47 percent of the number of reported small business loan originations (about 35 percent measured by dollar amount of loans) and 60 percent of the number of reported small farm loan originations (about 66 percent measured by dollar amount of loans) were extended to firms with revenues of $1 million or less (see Table 2).

The Geographic Distribution of Small Business and Small Farm Lending

The availability of information about the geographic location of businesses and farms receiving credit provides an opportunity to examine the distribution of small business and small farm lending across areas grouped by socio-demographic and economic characteristics. Information on the distribution of businesses and population provides some context within which to view these distributions.

CRA performance evaluations include an analysis of the distribution of small business and small farm loans (of all types) across census tracts grouped into four relative income categories: low-, moderate-, middle-, and upper-income.3 Overall, the distribution of the number (see Table 4.1) and the dollar amounts (see Table 4.2) of small business loans across these categories largely parallels the distribution of population and businesses across these four income groups, although lending activity in upper-income areas exceeds the share of businesses and population in such areas.4 For example, low-income census tracts include about 6 percent of the population and businesses, and accounted for nearly 5 percent of the number and about 6 percent of the total dollar amount of small business loans in 2014.5 Upper-income census tracts include about 28 percent of the population and about 31 percent of the businesses, and had about 38 percent of the number and 35 percent of the total dollar amount of small business loans in 2014. Each income category's share of the number and dollar amount of loans remained about the same in 2014 as in 2013 (see Table 1).

Analysis of the CRA data shows that small business loans are heavily concentrated in cities and their suburban outliers, as are the bulk of the U.S. population and the number of businesses (see Table 4.1 and 4.2). The majority of small farm loans were extended to farms located in rural areas (see Table 4.3 and Table 4.4).

Community Development Lending

Institutions reporting CRA data disclose the number and dollar amount of their community development loans. Among the 767 institutions reporting for 2014, 642 institutions reported community development lending activity (see Table 5). As in previous years, in 2014 lenders with assets that met or exceeded the mandatory reporting threshold ($1.202 billion in 2014) extended the vast majority of reported community development loans. Overall, all lenders reported almost $75 billion in community development loans in 2014, a 15 percent increase over 2013 following a 19 percent increase between 2012 and 2013, and a 17 percent increase between 2011 and 2012.

Tables are in Portable Document Format (PDF).

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Endnotes

1 For the purposes of this table, reporters with assets of less than $250 million are categorized as “small” reporters with assets at or above the CRA reporting asset threshold for the given year (see http://www.ffiec.gov/cra/reporter.htm) are categorized as “large”; and the remainder of reporting institutions are categorized as “medium”. As a consequence of amendments to the CRA regulations, beginning in September 2005, banking institutions with assets below the mandatory reporting threshold (and, beginning in October 2004, savings associations with assets below that threshold) are not required to collect or report data on their small business or small farm lending. However, institutions with assets below the mandatory reporting threshold may voluntarily collect and report such information. In addition, depository institutions must report the information if they elect to be evaluated as “large” institutions during CRA examinations.

2 Tables 3 and 5 indicate that 249 reporting institutions had assets as of December 31, 2013 below $1.202 billion. Another 16 reporters did not meet the mandatory reporting threshold because their assets as of December 31, 2012, were not high enough. The asset size threshold that triggers data collection and reporting is $1.202 billion as of December 31 of each of the two prior calendar years.

3 For purposes of the regulations, a low-income census tract has a median family income that is less than 50 percent of the median family income for the broader area (the metropolitan area containing the tract or the entire non-metropolitan area of the state); a moderate-income census tract, 50 percent to less than 80 percent; a middle-income census tract, 80 percent to less than 120 percent; and an upper-income census tract, 120 percent or more. Data regarding census tract income categories are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey. For more information refer to http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/.

4 Beginning in 1998, institutions filing CRA data were allowed to report that the census tract location of a firm or farm receiving a loan as unknown. For 2014, about 2 percent of the reported small business loans by number and 1 percent by dollar amount included such a designation.

5 Data on the share of population across census tract income categories are derived from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Data on the share of businesses across census tract income categories are derived from information from Dun & Bradstreet files of businesses. Calculations exclude agricultural-related firms.

NOTE: In August 2022, National Aggregate Report 2-1 “Number of Business Loans by Neighborhood Characteristics” and relevant citations of the report in CRA fact sheets were updated to correct the Dunn & Bradstreet small business count data. Prior to the update, the report and relevant citations contained data from an earlier year for all subsequent years.